The extra credit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The extra credit - Essay Example There are negative effects of these externalities in production for instance; industrial pollution causes the marginal social cost (MSC) to curve higher than the private marginal cost (MPC). The externality for this discussion will be sea pollution by water vessels. Sea pollution occurs due to oil spillage from ships and sea vessels on transit, especially in cases of accidents or leakage. Other forms of pollution by the sea vessels are from discharging domestic wastes into the sea when the vessel is in transit. Passenger ships are the main dischargers of domestic effluent into the sea such as kitchen wastes and waste from sanitation areas. Other pollution may be from chemicals, and garbage from the sea vessel that find their way into the water during transit. Scrapping of old ships on beaches may also pollute the water is the scrap metal, paints, and pieces find their way into the water. However, most of the sea pollution comes from people living near the beaches, when they dispose chemicals, soil, oil, and rubbish into the sea. Disposal of Bunker oil from cargo ship is very dangerous and toxic to the sea creatures and is very difficult to clean sea pollution is bad for the society as it destroys the marine ecosystem by killing the aquatic plan ts organisms. There are some policies to control sea pollution in various countries such as government intervention through regulations, which include taxing polluters and forcing the polluters to compensate the affected. International regulations to prevent marine pollution from ships aim at preventing and lowering ship pollution. Port waste management under Merchant Shipping and Fishing Vessels highlights the requirements for all vessels to give a prior notice to the port on the waste onboard. The vessels should also offload the waste at the port and pay for waste discharge facilities. All ships of between 150

The Historical Development Of The Juvenile Essay Example for Free

The Historical Development Of The Juvenile Essay The Juvenile Justice System was a creation of the Progressive Era reformist. Prior to this time there was little consideration for children as needing or deserving different treatment than adults. To tell the truth there was relatively no separation of adults and children up to this point in time. In retrospect it could be said that the creation of a separate stage in the life of growing people led to the creation of a separate justice system. So the creation of adolescence and its separation from the rest of society also gave rise to the Juvenile Justice System. This section of the paper looks into this development. As late as the eighteenth century children regularly participated in activities that would now be considered adult in nature (Empey, 1976). This included but was not limited to engaging in sexual activity at an early age, learning and using obscene language, drinking alcohol in taverns if not at home, working and learning trades and fighting in wars (Empey, 1976). In the United States there was little difference than the rest of western society. Colonial reformist saw deviant behavior as something to be concerned about but it was considered a critical social problem or a breakdown in the social organization (Empey, 1976). Basically they saw humans as inherently weak and drew a parallel between sin and crime and they treated either equally with the same harsh, usually public, punishments. But with the newly won freedom of the United States came a new perspective on things. With peoples freedoms being based on the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, which had their foundations in the Enlightenment Eras philosophies, there came many changes in the way people saw things (Empey, 1976). People were no longer seen as inherently evil or preordained to a certain life path. Deviance was no longer equated with sin; it was due to a flaw in upbringing or other social problem. With these new philosophies dominating society there came a pressing need to most to change and revise the criminal codes of the past and also the reduction in punishment for a majority of less serious crimes. But even this did not create a separation of youths and adults in society or in the criminal justice system. That did not occur until the early nineteenth century when Progressive Era reformist were pushing for a  serious of programs aimed at helping the youth of society (Empey, 1976). Among these programs were child labor laws, mandatory schooling, kindergarten programs and increased intervention and rehabilitation for the wayward youth of society (National†¦, 2001). The backlash of several of these programs, whether intentional or not, was the stratification of our society by age. It is this stratification that latter allowed for the complete separation of youth from the rest of society during adolescence. It also led to the creation of Houses of Refuge and Orphan Asylums in most major cities. In fact by 1825 these institutions for juvenile offenders and other lost youth were common in most populous cities and states (Empey, 1976). It was the purpose of these institutions to act as a substitute for family and community but as is usually the case they soon became overcrowded and became nothing more than warehouses for these youths. By the end of the nineteenth century reformers felt even more effort was needed to solve the problem and more legality was sought to back their actions. They pushed for more power to interfere in troubled youths lives, they saw no need to wait until the child committed an offense before giving them guidance, and these powers were granted. Now a child could be pulled from any situation in which it was felt they were being corrupted or adequate attention and structure were being provided. These new powers and the increased emphasis of the reformist for a separate system for children gave rise to the Juvenile Justice System. In 1899 the Illinois Juvenile Court Act gave birth to the first juvenile court in Chicago (National, 2001). By 1925 a functioning juvenile court existed in every state in the U.S. except Wyoming and Maine (Schlossman, 1983). Empey, LeMar T.; The Social Construction of Childhood, Delinquecny and Social Reform in _The Juvenile Justice System,_ Vol. 5, Pp. 27-51, Malcolm Klein ed., Sage Publications, 1976. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine: _Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice_. Panel on Juvenile Crime: Prevention, Treatment, and Control. Joan McCord, Cathy Spatz Widom and Nancy A. Crowell, eds. Committee on Law Justice and Board on Children, Youth and Families. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001 Schlossman, Steven; Juvenile Justice: History and Philosophy in _Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice,_ Vol. 3, Pp. 961-969, S. Kadish ed. New York: Free press, 1983

Claudius :: Ancient Rome Roman History

Claudius The emperor, Claudius, was a man with great integrity, individuality, common sense, patriotism and determination. From his struggles as a child to his death, was a remarkable journey. Many historians today and ancient Rome have placed him amongst the greats of all time. Despite his physical disabilities and background, Tiberius Claudius Nero contributed much to the greatness of the Roman Empire. Tiberius Claudius Nero is the youngest son of Nero Claudius Drusus and Antonia (Daughter of Antony and Octavia), giving him royal blood. He was born on August 1st, 10BC, in the city of Comata, which is in the Region of Lugdunum (Modern Day Lyon, France). He was an unwanted child since birth. It is said that he had a sick and ugly appearance, with cerebral palsy. Yet, against the odds, he became an emperor, made many contributions to the benefit of the Roman society. According to many sources, Claudius was rejected from his own family due to his appearance; even his mother frequently mocked him. He would have been the normal choice to succeed Tiberius, had the monarchical family not thought him, unfit for the office. However, only Augustus thought Claudius as not stupid and granted Claudius a non-governmental priesthood position. Claudius was trained as a scholar, by the historian Livy and wrote several histories and literary works in Latin and Greek. (None of his work has survived, although there are inscriptions and fragments that provide some insight into his thinking). Claudius was considered a fool and kept out of public life until his insane nephew, Calligula, became emperor and appointed him as consul (alongside Calligula's horse) as a joke. After the assassination of Calligula, Claudius was found hiding in the palace, scared for his own life. The Praetorian Guards, interested in keeping their job as the Emperor's bodyguard, declared Claud ius as emperor and forced the Senate to do the same. The soldiers, courtiers, freedman and foreigners were his main followers. Nevertheless, they did not dream that Claudius would be known as one of the greats. Claudius' reign is marked with the expansion of the Roman Empire. He had great sympathy for the traditions of the old Roman Republic than previous rulers of the house of Caesar. But a futile revolt in the Senate, within a year after he became emperor, made him favour the army. In 43AD, he conquered Britain, where his troops accepted him as a god (Smith, Mahlon.

Spanish El Recado :: Papers

Spanish El Recado Analasis de El Recado Elena Poniatowska escrita durante una epoca de cambio en Mexico. Antes de sus obras las mujeres mexicanas eran sometidos, docil, y pasivo. En la tiempo de sus obras las mujeres estaba tratando salir de los estereotipos de antes. Esta problema social tomo un afecto en Elena. Aunque ella no viene de un movimiento literatura directamente, ella escrita con el concepto de compremetido. En su narrative El Recado ella crea un mujer estereotipical que no puede controlar sus emociones. La titula es eso porque ella viene a ver su amante, pero el no esta, asi ella escribe las cosas que sentia. La perspectiva es de un personaje y ella nunca interacta con otros personajes. En facto la unica descripcion de un personaje otro de la protagonista es de su amante Martin. Habla de otros personajes, pero solamente de sus acciones. Porque ellas es la unica perspectiva que tenemos es sencillo a sentar compasion para una protagonista de quien nombre no aun sabemos. Ella da la descripcion de toda que vea, y mas importante todo que se sienta. Tambien tropos y figuras retoricas dan un tono significante al poema. Estos sentimientos de la portagonista y el tono emocional de la narrativa transporta una tema de una mujer estereotipical y debil quien quiere ser reconocido. El Recado es un cuento de la esperanza y amor. La protagonista viene a visita Martin, pero el no esta en su casa. Entonces ella esperas en peldano, y esperanza que el aparece pronto. Esperanza es una palabra muy importante en el cuento. La palabra es usado directamente tres veces en la obra 26, 31, y 39. Tambien en el principio de el cuento todo es de un afecto sensual. Mientras ella esta en el peldano vea el jardin de Martin. Da caracteristicas humanos (personificacion) a los flores en el jardin ( 6-7), estos caracteristicas como honesto y graves probablamente tambien de su amante. Luego ella hace una comparacion directa entre el y el jardin â€Å"Todo el jardin es solido, es como tu, tiene una reciedumbre que inspira confianza.† Este oracion no solamente tiene un simil, pero tambien ayuda en mostrando la comparacion a un mujer de un hombre. El hombre es personificado con palabras de fuerza, mientras todo el cuento muestra una mujer debil.

News Media

Rena Hermez RWS 100 Prof. Costello Nov. 29, 2009 News Media Media have tremendous power in setting cultural guidelines and in shaping political discourse. It is essential that news media is challenged to be unbiased and truthful. Most many people find news whether on TV, newspaper, or magazines to be politically bias. Michael Parenti, the author of Inventing Reality, asserts that the news can be bias towards political issues by using the â€Å"Methods of Misrepresentation† (Parenti 53). This includes: â€Å"Framing and Labeling†, â€Å"Selectivity and Deliberate Omission†, â€Å"The Greying of Reality†, â€Å"Auxiliary Embellishments†, and â€Å"Placement† (Parenti). These methods are used to serve the private news conglomerates and our country interests instead of the public interests. Therefore, the news content became politically biased. Moreover, the past decade has seen more change in the craft of news media than perhaps any other. Since the news conglomerates took over local papers and stations, news became less relevant and more for entrainment. The more news is entertaining to its audience, the more money for the news conglomerates and the shareholders. Thus, news is not as important to the lives of audience as they once were. The issue of economy is very crucial topic in the U. S. However, many news networks misrepresents the public interest by placing the article in the most secluded pages in the newspaper. For instance, the article, â€Å"Economists question accuracy of picture from economic data†, by New York Times Service, in the San Diego Union Tribune newspaper, discusses how the government’s picture of the economic data has a wide gap from the reality. It also explains why the government miscalculated the data, and gave a brief explanation on how to calculate it correctly. Since this article rectifys the government, San Diego Union Tribune decided to publish it on page A6 with advertising Ads. This is an example of â€Å"Placement† because as important as this issue has been to the public, the San Diego Union Tribune published the story in a place that is hidden from the readers view. Most people would never see it if they were just glossing the pages. According Parenti â€Å"troublesome stories that are not suppressed, ignored [†¦ still can be buried in obscure places. Placement is often used for the greying of reality†(Parenti 58). Another method of misrepresentation that occurs often in the news media is omission. Omission occurs when important information is not reported or is reported incompletely. likewise, Parenti defines it as, â€Å" sometimes the unmentioned includes not just particular details of he s tory but the entire story itself- even ones about major events† (Parenti 54). An example of suppressed issue in the mainstream press is that of the former Vice President Dick Cheney’s speech on October 21, 2009. He gave an important speech about the Center for Security Policy, and it was not televised on any American news or network. Not even Fox News televised this speech. They have, however, posted the speech on their website. Perhaps this deliberate omission of this speech from the news networks occurred because the Bush Administration became less powerful since too many people lost trust in it. Thus, when this particle example was omitted, than we are getting a skewed or biased perspective from Fox News network. Since big conglomerates bought news networks, the definition of â€Å"news† have changed for the past few decades because the profit motives. Before, news was information that is of broad interest to the intended audience. Today, â€Å"news production distortions are of a more political nature and reveal a pattern of bias that favors the dominate class of interests and statist ideology† (Parenti 53). When the president of ABC news was asked â€Å"how has the standard for what qualifies is news has changed because of the pressure profit motives? He responds back by saying it has changed and broadened and not lowered† (News War). An example of â€Å"broaden† news is â€Å"Palin visits Florida town that feted her in 2008† on MSNBC website headline news. This news report made it to the headline not because the public is interested in where Sara Palin visit, but because news produces want more news to fill up the page and to make more profit. Now days, anything can be made news as long as there is a video and a story line that goes with it. Thus, the issue of profit motives serve big conglomerates interest and not the public nterest as it once was. News media definition have shifted from public interest news to profit motive news, from fair and truthful news to political bias and inaccurate news. We live in a time where newspapers are not sufficient anymore, internet and TV are easier to access and cost less. However, it is very difficult to supply enough news to fill a whole page of website and a whole hour of TV news. Thus, to make profit the internet and TV, big private conglomerates decided to soften the news content to occupy the extra time thats left from the real important news. News content became more politically biassed, more entertaining, and more profitable. News is being selectively â€Å"siding with those who have powers, position, and wealthy†(Parenti 54). By covering news, politics, weather, sports, entertainment, and vital events, the daily media shape the dominant cultural, social and political picture of our society, only, instead of the real important issues of the cultural, social, and political picture of our society. Works Cited New York Times Service. â€Å"Economists Question Accuracy of Picture from Economic Data. San Diego Union Tribune 9 Nov. 2009: A6. News War: What’s Happening to the News. Prods. Stephen Talbot and Lowell Bergman. Frontline. PBS. WGBH Educational Foundation, 2007. â€Å"Palin visits Florida town that feted her in 2008. † 24 Nov. 2009. MSNBC. 24 Nov. 2009 . Parenti, Michael. Inventing Reality. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993. New York Times Service. â€Å"Economists Question Accuracy of Picture from Economic Data. † San Diego Union Tribune 9 Nov. 2009: A6. â€Å"RAW DATA: Dick Cheney's Remarks to the Center for Security Policy. † 21 Oct. 2009. FOX News. 24 Nov. 2009 . News Media They are often misrepresented by editors in order to make them more appealing to the viewer. For example, take this Big Mac from McDonald's. Here, advertisers have used a false portrayal of the real Big Mac to manipulate It's viewers to want to the buy their product. Similarly to advertises misleading us, so too does the media In their depiction of conveying real life Issues and events through the use of language features. Good morning/afternoon fellow classmates, today I am here to discuss the misrepresentations displayed in news articles.Recently, there has been a controversy between bikes and Campbell Newsman's new anti-bike laws. In the articles titled This Brisbane man posted a menacing video warning the premier. Police say he's done nothing wrong' by Robin Ironsides, and ‘Senior police packing heat' by Thomas Chamberlain and David Murray, both authors convey an unfair representation of the groups of bikes within society. These groups are often marginal's and authors portr ay them negatively based upon stereotypes. Together, these articles demonstrate the Inaccurate representations of bless as minorities.The article Senior police packing heat' published by the Courier Mall on the 1 lath of November (201 3), describes the Queensland Police battle against the belle legislation. Through closer examination, It Is clear that the authors, Thomas Chamberlain and David Murray have created a biased depiction of motorcycle groups though the utilization of language techniques such as evaluative language, repetition and actions. The headings of newspaper articles are considered to be one of the most important aspects of the text as it aims to engage and catch the reader's attention.The title Senior police packing heat' is a great example of an attention grabbing heading; however, it incorporates a negative connotation about motorcycle groups. The phrase â€Å"packing heat,† is quite alarming as it coincides with the Queensland Police Union's action to take stand in preparation for their fight against the bless. Here, Chamberlain and Murray have stereotyped all forms of motorcycle gangs to perceive them as criminals, or Involved In criminal activity. As a result, the government has made legislations against the entire belle population to stop their true as motorcyclists in order to prevent violent and illegal acts.The authors have also used repetition and actions to clearly show Queensland bikes as an infamous group to reinforce to the reader about their destructive prominence in society. Through the actions of Commissioner Ian Stewart, Chamberlain and Murray have successfully showed the Queensland Police Unions considerations to â€Å"allow some district duty officers to carry RE . 223 carbines with telescopic sights in their vehicles. † â€Å"These are very, very high powered weapons and they need to be handled very, very ruefully. The repetition of â€Å"very,† emphasizes the dangers and threats posed to us by the bi kes and outlines how much care â€Å"SENIOR police† should take. This showcases that the people Involved in motorcycle groups are considered to be criminals and or Involved In criminal actively as their behavior in society Is alleged to be Illegal. Similarly, the article entitled ‘This Brisbane man posted a menacing video warning the Premier. Police say he's done nothing wrong' Published by the to Premier Campbell Newman and his family.However, after deconstructing the article, it is clearly shown that investigators could not identify any signs of criminal offence behind the menacing video. Through the utilization of language features such as emotive language and intensifiers, Ironsides has portrayed the offender as a mysterious man alleged to be involved in criminal activities. This emotive language is depicted in the second stanza of the article. Ironsides states that the â€Å"Queensland Police Service confirmed investigators† that the man responsible was not persecuted of any illegal acts.This indicates that the man behind the online video criticizing the State Governments â€Å"anti-bike laws† has not been found to commit any signs of criminal offence. Despite this, the author has created an undesirable representation of motorcycle minorities through the use of intensifiers. She writes that the â€Å"masked man† involved in the online video criticized the Vicious Lawless Association Disestablishment. † This implies that although the man was not committed of any lawless offence, he was assumed to be a dangerous figure in society.Here, the author has represented this group of people in a negative manner through a careful election of deceptive techniques. To reinforce this statement, Ironsides has incorporated a visual element in her article that portrays the alleged offender to have committed the series of threats to Campbell Newman and his family. This picture displays the masked man giving an inappropriate gesture t owards authority, therefore, reinforcing our negative perceptions of bike groups. Every day, journalists are entrusted with the task of delivering unbiased events and issues to the public.However, editors regularly bypass this expectation, and instead serpentine the story to what was actually being conveyed in order to manipulate readers to perceive something the way they want you to. This technique was used by Robin Ironsides in her article titled ‘This Brisbane man posted a menacing video warning the Premier. Police say he's done nothing wrong,' and Thomas Chamberlain and David Murray in their article ‘Senior police packing heat'. In these articles both authors have represented bike minorities in a bias and negative manner. They have portrayed all motorcyclists groups as criminals who are involved in illegal activities.

Evolution of Australian Biota Assessment Answers Essay Example

Evolution of Australian Biota Assessment Answers Essay Example Evolution of Australian Biota Assessment Answers Essay Evolution of Australian Biota Assessment Answers Essay Discuss current research into the evolutionary relationships between extinct species, including megafauna and extant Australian species. Megafauna simply means large animals, in which most have become extinct within the last 20 000 to 50 000 years. The extinction of megafauna was, debatably, due to climate change and human expansion. Although, Africa still retains some megafauna, such as the elephant or the rhinoceros. Australia has managed to keep many examples of relict species, some from the time of the megafauna.These include the Crocodile, Wollemi Pine and Stromatolites. Megafauna are not direct ancestors of the current animals, rather certain animals both evolved from a common ancestor. An example of this can be seen in the Diprotodon optatum, it does not belong to the same family as the modern wombat, but they are relatives which can be observed in their similar characteristics. Their structural similarities include their skull structure, body covering, structure of limbs, ears and snout. However, the Diprotodon was huge; 3 metres long and 2 metres high, comparable to a hippoptamus.They also had pigeon toed feet, a longer nose, possibly a small trunk, a very dense coat and sharp claws. The Diprotodon flourished in the late Tertiary and declined in the Pleistocene, becoming extinct at the time humans arrived, 50 000 years ago. The Diprotodon is mentioned in some dreamtime stories, supporting the idea that human hunting and Aboriginal fire stick burning (burning vegetation for easier hunting) altering the ecosystem both contributed to the extinction of the Diprotodon. Current research into extinct megafauna and extant Australian species revoles heavily around the finding off fossils.Fossils provide Palentologists with information about the similarities and differences between species, deducing certain evolutionary relationships. Other research includes radiometric dating, providing dates for when fauna died and the possible cause. Ideas about the ecological and environmental conditions of the time can also be found from fossils and other technology today. Fossils of the Diprotodon have been found all over Australia, in places such as the Wellington caves, which have assisted Palentologists in discovering similarties and differences between the Diprotodon optatum and the modern wombat.Other forms of current research include techniques to do with DNA hybridisation, molecular biology techniques and DNA preserved in bones to discover information about evolutionary relationships. b) Identify data sources and analyse information from secondary sources and use available evidence to illustrate the changing ideas of scientists in the last 200 years about individual species such as the platypus as new information and technologies became available. The Platypus is one of Australias most unique animals, of which its origins and classifcation is still debated today.Over the past 200 years, technology has rapidly developed, causing scientists ideas about the Platypus to change and develop. When first discovered in 1798, a Platypus skin was sent to England which scientists thought was a hoax. As the specimen was observed more, it was considered to be a primitive species, but it was in fact a highly evolved form of an ancestor. It is unique from a mammal as it lays eggs, there is an absence of teeth, it also has a bill similar to that of a duck. It also has webbed feet and a short tail.However, it does have fur like other mammals and it secretes milk from special glands. As technology began to improve, scientists were able to understand how the Platypus reproduced. In 1826, it was found that it had mammary glands, and in 1884, scientists captured female eggs. In the 1940s, an Australia scientist invented the Platypussary. This was technology that attempted to stimulate its natural habitat, hoping to breed a pair. In 1943, the first Platypus was bred in captivity, which gave scientists much research into lifestyle and breeding habits; gestation and pre and post natal processes.Another scientific question was that of its body temperature, but with the development of radiotelementary scientists ideas about this changed. Radiotelementary can record body temperature and transmit this information. It has helped scientists in understanding whether the Platypus can maintain its body te mperature when swimming in cold water. Scientists have contiuned to develop their ideas through the research of amino acids, which allowed them to observe trends between the sequences of placentals and marsupials. Fossils have also been an important technological development in understanding the Platypus.As well as cell observation, allowing Scientists to discover the Platypus salt retaining kidneys. Another huge discovery about Platypus was able to come about because of new technology, the question of how the Platypus got its food. Using Electron Microscopy, scientists were able to observe the Platypus bill. The discovery was made that the bill had extremely sensitive touch receptors which helped the Platypus navigate underwater with its eyes closed, and it detected prey. They also discovered Electroreceptors on the bill, which detect tiny electrical signals, creating an image underwater for the Platypus and located the prey.Scientists have contiuned to develop their ideas through the research of amino acids, fossils, fibre optics, radio tracking, genetic fingerprinting and cell observation, which allowed Scientists to discover the Platypus salt retaining kidneys. c) Gather information from secondary sources to describe some Australian fossils, where these fossils were found and use available evidence to explain how they contribute to the development of understanding about the evolution of species in Australia.Fossils are huge scientific development which have altered and explored many scientific theories. The sequences of fossils indicates the progressive chronology of the changes in plants and animals over millions of years, the dating of rocks indicates the time periods of extinction and the type of plant and animal in the fossil depicts the environment in that past area. An example of this is within the fossil tooth from a placental mammal, about 55 million years old. This was found in Murgon.This particular fossil changed the understanding of fossil mamm alian history, as it is Australias oldest placental land mammal. This fossil now supports the theory that both placentals and marsupials lived in Australia around 55 million years ago. Another example of how fossils contribute to the understanding of evolution is in the Glossopteris flora. It is especially significant as it provides the first evidence of continental drift, as the leaf is dominant in America, Australia, Africa and India, supporting the theory that these continents had once been joined.The Glossopteris developed understanding about the Australian evolution of species as the adaptation of its thick skin indicates Australias changing climate throughout evolution. This skin prevented a rapid loss of moisture as Australia became more arid. Some important fossil sites that have developed our understanding about the evolution of species in Australia include Lightning Ridge, Murgon, Riversleigh, Bluff Downs and Wellington Caves.

SAT for Early Admissions Deadlines

When's the Last ACT/SAT for Early Admissions Deadlines SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips When’s the latest you can take the SAT or ACT if you’re submitting an early decision college application? You might be surprised by how late some colleges accept SAT and ACT scores- and how early others require them! Read on to find out the latest dates on which you can take the SAT and ACT, and get specific dates for top colleges. What Is Early Decision and When Are Applications Due? Early decision gives you the chance to apply to your first-choice college early and get an admission decision before winter break. Early decision application deadlines tend to be on or around November 1. Schools with early decision typically promise to have results sent to applicants between December 1 and December 15. Some early decision deadlines are even earlier in October, meaning that your application will be evaluated during a pretty narrow window in November. As a result, usuallythelast ACT date you can take for early decision is in October and thelast SAT date is in November. Scores from these test dates should arrive in November, just in time for early decision. (For the 2019-20 school year, this means you can take either the ACT on October 26 or theSAT on November 2.) This is just a general rule, however, sodon't automatically assume that these dates will work for the school you’re applying to early decision! For some colleges,the last possible dates that can work for early decision are even earlier: the September ACT or the October SAT. (In other words, you can take, at latest, either the ACT on September 14, 2019, or the SAT on October 5, 2019.) If you’re taking the last possible ACT or SAT and applying early decision, make sure to mark that school down to receive your test scores when you sign up for the test. Don’t wait to see your scores first before sending them, as they won't arrive in time to be considered! If there's a problem with your SAT/ACT score reports (for example, they get delayed), colleges will sometimes accept a screenshot or printout of the reportsent from your guidance counselor as a provisional result. That said, they will still want the official report eventually. Once again, don't assume this will be the case for your particular school, so always plan to get your SAT/ACT scores in by the application deadline- if not earlier! General Advice for Applying Early Decision If you’re reading this as a junior or younger and you’re planning to apply early somewhere, aim to have your testing done before senior year- ideally by June. Remember that if you’re applying early decision, you'll need to work on your college applications earlier than normal. And studying for the ACT/SAT while applying to college can be stressful. (The College Board says thatOctober should be your last possible SAT date but recommends taking the test by June.) Getting your testing done by June will free up the whole summer before your senior year- and also free up your senior fall to give you time to work on your early decision application. With this time, you can write your best possible college essays, come up with astute answers for smaller application questions, and decide who will write you the most effective letters of recommendation. As you can see, if you also had to study for the SAT or ACT, you'd waste valuable time that would be arguably better spent improving your college applications. Summer means sun, sand, surf ... and college application essays. Plus, if you’re sending scores from the last possible test date, you’re taking a pretty big risk.If it’s your first SAT/ACT and your scores aren't within the school’s average scores range, your chances of admission could be compromised. If it’s a retakeand your score drops, that won't look great either. Though most colleges focus on your highest scores, some schools require all SAT scores or all ACT scores and will evaluate every test result they receive, high or low. Ideally, you should have already achieved scores within your school’s score ranges by your senior year. Taking the ACT or SAT during your junior year or summer before your senior year (the December, March, May, June, or August SATs or theDecember, February, April, June, or JulyACTs) is best. Waiting until the September/October ACTs or October/November SATs your senior fall will only create a serious time crunch. Nevertheless, if you do need to take the SAT or ACT during your senior fall (either for the first time or as a retake), don't stress out. You can still study enough to get a high score and put together a great application- just be prepared to be busy during the fall! Latest Early Decision ACT/SAT Test Dates for Top Schools In this section, we take a look at theACT and SAT dates and deadlines for popular schools' early decision plans.We also show you how to look up this info at any school you might be applying to in case your college didn't make our list. You don't have to panic if your top school is on this list. But you should plan ahead! Schools With Earlier Than Usual SAT/ACT Deadlines The following colleges haveSAT/ACT deadlines that are earlier than the common November SAT/October ACT rulediscussed above. If you're applying to any of these schools early decision, try extra hard to complete your standardized testing as early as possible. Amherst Here's what Amherst says about its early action deadlines: "Applicants should schedule standardized testing so that scores can be submitted by the appropriate application deadline (either ED or RD)." Since Amherst’s early decision deadline is November 1, you can take the October SAT or September ACT at the latest. Caltech Caltech'sstandardized testingdeadline for early action applicants is October for both tests. This means you can take the SAT or ACT in October of your senior year, but no later. Georgetown Here's what Georgetown says regarding early action deadlines (bold emphasis mine): "While we recommend that Early Action applicants complete testing requirements in their junior year, scores from the September and October test dates will typically arrive in time for consideration at Early Action. Students should make certain to request that scores be sent to Georgetown well in advance of the deadline to ensure timely receipt." Princeton Here's how Princeton handles early action deadlines (bold emphasis mine): "You are strongly encouraged to complete your standardized testing before the Nov. 1 deadline. If you take standardized tests in November, you should have your scores sent directly to Princeton." This means that they likely won’t get scores from the November SAT in time to consider you for admission.So to be safe, submit test scores from October of your senior year or earlier. Stanford According to Stanford's undergraduate admission website, its last ACT date is in September and last SAT date is in Octoberfor restrictive early action. Vanderbilt Here areVanderbilt's test deadlines for early decision applicants(bold emphasis mine): "For students applying to Vanderbilt under Early Decision I (submission deadline November 1), the October administration of the SAT or ACT is the final opportunity to take the exam." Washington University in St. Louis Here's what Washington University's FAQ page says about early decision deadlines (bold emphasis mine): "The last [SAT] test date accepted will be the December testing (October if applying Early Decision)." Note that this October deadline is for the SAT, not ACT. Because the Early Decision application deadline is November 1,you should aim to take theACT by September. Williams College Williams requires applicants to take the ACT or SAT by October. The early bird gets the ... early application review? Schools That Follow the October ACT/November SAT Rule These next schools stick to the October ACT/November SAT rule we found when researching early decision testing deadlines. Still, whenever possible,try to submit scores from earlier test datesto ensure that your application is reviewed on time. Brown Here is an overview of Brown's standardized test deadlines for early action applicants(bold emphasis mine): "Early Decision applicants should complete all required testing by the October test date and arrange for results to be sent directly to Brown on or before the November 1 Early Decision deadline.You may also submit additional test scores from the November administration of the SAT; however, we cannot guarantee that these test scores will be received in time to be reviewed with your application.All applicants should have a complete set of test scores sent to Brown prior to theNovember 1deadline." Note that while Brown will accept the October ACT and/or November SAT, they prefer to have at least one set of scores before the November 1 deadline. So do your best to have scores in before this date! Columbia Here's what Columbia says about early decision deadlines for the SAT/ACT: "You must have all standardized testing completed by the November test date." This means that scores from both the October ACT and November SAT would arrive in time to be considered for early decision admission. Cornell Here is Cornell's description of its standardized test deadlines for early decision applicants (bold emphasis mine): "You should plan to take the SAT before November of your senior year, or the ACT no later than October. Early decision applicants are strongly urged to take the SAT Subjects Tests (if required) no later than October, because the scores are used in the selection process." Dartmouth Dartmouth’s admissions website says that the last test date for the SAT is inNovember, and the last date for the ACT is in Octoberfor all early decision applicants. Duke Here's what Duke says about early decision test scores(bold emphasis mine): "Duke is happy to accept scores for Early Decision applicants from the October ACT and the November SAT tests." Harvard Harvard says the following about early action testing deadlines (bold emphasis mine): "If you are applying Early Action, we would like your testing results by the end of October; however, you may submit the November series if needed. Those results will arrive in time for consideration without the need and expense of 'rushreporting.'" Keep in mind that even though you can submit November tests, you should aim to complete your testing earlier so that your application can be evaluated sooner. MIT MIT says the following on its admissions website in regard to early action SAT/ACT deadlines: "In order to apply for freshman admission, you must take the required tests on or before theNovembertest date for Early Action." This means you can submit scores from the October ACT or November SAT at the latest. Northwestern Northwestern requires applicants to submit standardized test scores by November 1,meaning you can take the October SAT or ACT at latest. University of Chicago Here is UChicago's policy on SAT/ACT test deadlines for early action and early decision applicants (bold emphasis mine): "While we would, of course, like to receive your scores before the appropriate deadline, we will accept October ACT andNovember SAT scoresfor Early Action and Early Decision I." University of Pennsylvania For those applying early decision to Penn, the last SAT date is in November and the last ACT date is in October. Yale Yale recommends the last test scores early action applicants submit come from the October SAT and ACT. However, November SAT scores may also be considered: (bolding mine) "SATs ... taken in November may also arrive in time for consideration in Yale's Single Choice Early Action program, but applicants should complete and submit Yale's required standardized testing from previous test dates. For Single-Choice Early Action applicants who plan to take November SATs or SAT Subject Tests, admissions officers will begin the evaluation process with the official or self-reported scores already on file." In other words, the last SAT date is in November, but only if you've taken another standardized test whose scores you can also submit before your November SAT scores come in. How to Find Early Decision Testing Dates for Any School Although we’ve gone over the early decision policies of many top colleges, you might be wondering about the last possible SAT/ACT dates for different schools not mentioned above. To find your school's SAT/ACT testing deadlines, start by searching for "[School Name] early decision" on Google.Here's an example: You can see here that I'm searching for Pomona College's last possible SAT/ACT dates. Now, I'll click on the "Application Deadlines" link since this seems like the most promising page I can use to get information about dates and deadlines. Many colleges have separate sections or pages for early decision/early action applications. This page might list special deadlines for early decision, including the last ACT or SAT test date. If you can't find the deadlines on this page, however, you might instead be able to find a page with overall application dates and deadlines, or an FAQ page with an answer to this question. Check out the page I found for Pomona below: As the screenshot shows, Pomona has clearly laid out its testing deadlines.According to this table, the last possible SAT date for Early Decision I is in October, and the last possible ACT date is in September. If you still can’t find information about a school's last SAT/ACT dates on either an "Early Decision" or "Dates and Deadlines" page, check its FAQ page;you might run across a question about SAT and/or ACT tests. As you skim it, look for common phrases, such as "last time to take the ACT or SAT" or "how long it takes SAT/ACT scores to arrive." If you can’t find a precise date on any of the above pages, call or email your school's admissions office. (Keep in mind that testing information should definitely be on the admissions site, even if it’s buried in an unlikely place!) Ask the admissions representative, "When is the last possible date I can take the SAT/ACT for early admission?" Hopefully, you'll get the answer you want! What’s Next? Not sure when to take the ACT or SAT for the first time? Read more about optimizing your ACT and SAT test dates. How high does your ACT/SAT score need to be for your Early Decision school? Find out so you can decide whether you should retake the ACT/SAT before your applications are due. Still have to make serious changes to improve your SAT/ACT scores? Get the latest strategies for each section: SAT Reading, Writing, and Math;andACT English, Math, Reading, and Science. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT and ACT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160+ points or your ACT score by 4+ points. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

Miranda trial essays

Miranda trial essays On March 2,1963 it was a normal day at work for eight-teen year old Rebecca Johnson. Rebecca had just finished up her last duties at the movie theaters refreshment counter and left for the bus stop around 11:30 PM. She got off the bus at 12:10 and began her short walk home. On her walk, a car sharply pulled out of a driveway and almost hit her. A man jumped out of the car and grabbed her. The man threw Rebecca in the back seat of his car and tied her hands and feet together with rope. Then he drove to the Arizona desert where he raped her. Two hours later, the man returned Rebecca back to her neighborhood. She raced home and told her sister what had just happened. She detailed her night to the police also. Rebecca described the attacker and his car to the police. (3/7-11) At first, the officers doubted whether Rebecca was telling the truth because her statements were sometimes inconsistent. On March 9, 1963 at about 11:45 PM, Rebeccas brother-in-law noticed a car matching his sisters description and he wrote down the license plate number. Four days later, detectives ran a check on the number that was giving to them by Rebeccas brother-in-law, which lead to a car matching Rebeccas description indeed. The owner of the car, Ernesto Miranda was taken into custody. That same day, at the police station, Rebecca picked out Miranda from a lineup. After being picked, Ernesto was sent to the interrogation room where Officer Cooley and Officer Young began questioning Miranda. (3/11-13) In the room, Ernesto was not told that he had the right to an attorney; and there is dispute as to whether he was told he had the right to remain silent. After a couple of hours of questioning, Miranda signed a confession. In June 1963, the trial in the case of the state of Arizona v. Ernesto Miranda got under way in an Arizona State Court. Mirandas lawyer was seventy-three year old Alvin Moore, whom w...

Chick-fil-As Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chick-fil-As - Article Example Following the CEO’s remarks against LGBT rights, a customer yelled at a drive through employee telling her that he could not understand how she could manage to work at such a place. The customer seemed very angry and used abusive and threatening language. The customer was caught on video by a security camera and the matter was taken to the police. The issue of making statements like these can be a very emotional one, and can cause a lot of problems both to the person who gives such comments and to the public. The Chick-Fil-A case is a classic example of how random remarks on such groups can cause trouble. For instance, the CEO’s remarks on LGBT rights led to a lot of problems for the CEO as well as the Chick-Fil-A restaurants especially, considering that some municipalities threatened to deny operation licenses for Chic-Fil-A restaurant franchises. On the other hand, the artist act of vandalism in response to these remarks and the act of the man yelling at the drive through employee are also classic examples of how such comments can lead to dire repercussions. Not only that but their actions did not help in improving the image of LGBT groups, and many LBGT groups have come to condemn the actions of the two. Although the artist was charged in court for his acts of vandalism, he was to pay a bill of $700 to paint the wal l in order to remove the offensive graffiti on the wall. Facebook has been on the lime light with regards to how they the firm manages the privacy of users’ data. While the firm has improved the privacy mechanisms and privacy policies of the data it has about individuals, it is apparent that users’ ignorance on how to use these controls has been a major issue. Refraining from putting personal data on Facebook can be very useful, because it is probably the only way to guarantee that the users will not lose their personal information to other people. This is especially important considering that

Water Pollution Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Water Pollution - Term Paper Example In the last thirty three years, there has been an immense growth in the population of India accompanied with rapid urbanization and industrialization. All of these factors have jointly put great pressure upon the sacred River Ganges (McDermott). In 1984, in Bhopal, 27 tones of deadly methyl isocyanate gas were released by a Union Carbide pesticide plant that resulted into 20000 casualties. There has been little to no change in the regulatory climate in India ever since. Similarly, since 1990s, there has been a two-fold increase in the volume of domestic sewage which is deposited into the River Ganges. It is expected that if the same pattern continues, the volume of sewage will double in a generation. The aforementioned factors and several more like them have resulted into rapid pollution of India’s most sacred waters and most treasured resource whose religious significance is extreme. As a result of the decades of dumping, aquatic creatures have become extinct in one of the stretches of the Yamuna River in the last ten years. Yamuna River happens to be the main tributary of the River Ganges. In Varanasi, Indias most sacred city, the coliform bacterial count is at least 3,000 times higher than the standard established as safe by the United Nations world Health Organization, according to Veer Bhadra Mishra, an engineer and Hindu priest whos led a campaign there to clean the river for two decades. (Hammer cited in â€Å"Focusing of Words†). Generally existing in the colons of animals and humans, coliform are the rod-like bacteria that can prove a serious health hazard if found in water. Consumption of the polluted water of the River Ganges is causing a lot of skin problems. There has also been an increase in the infant mortality rates and disabilities among Indians over the years. One of the most fundamental reasons why the health hazards originating in the River Ganges

Adult stem cells Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Adult stem cells - Essay Example Stem cells are responsible for tissue or organ formation during prenatal life, and also for further growth. They are also responsible for repairing and regeneration of internal body system. This internal replenishing system works continuously throughout our life span. These cells display important attributes, which distinguishes them from normal cells. The cell division of stem cell gives rise to new stem cell or turned into specialized cell with definite function such as a muscle cell, a red blood cell, or a brain cell. In vivo or in vitro stimuli activate these cells to acquire special functions by becoming part of tissue- or organ-specific cells. Stem cells in the gut and bone marrow are at continuous task to repair and replace injured or eroded tissues, and therefore they multiply regularly by a process of cell division. In the organs like the pancreas and the heart, they are generated under certain physiologic conditions (http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics4.asp). The ma jor breakthroughs in stem cell research will able to figure out clearly the development of an organism from a single cell. The most of the work is reported on two types of stem cells embryonic stem cells and non-embryonic stem cells. There is a recent introduction of genetically "reprogrammed" stem cell termed as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in 2006. Stem cell therapy is administered through local delivery or systemic infusion, of autologous or allogeneic cells. This aids in restoring the viability or functioning of damaged and malfunctioned tissues (Lu, Zhang & Jin, 2009). Non-embryonic stem cells are also called as ‘adult stem cells’. They are undifferentiated cells, found throughout the body of animals and humans in differentiated tissue or organ after the embryonic growth. They are also termed as somatic stem cells which are responsible for building different specialized cell types. These cells play pivotal

Typography in Business & Bauhaus Manifesto Dissertation

Typography in Business & Bauhaus Manifesto - Dissertation Example The document; ‘Using styles Training’ could appear as illustrated below after the effect of topography on it: How to Format Your Word Document Using â€Å"Styles† Microsoft Word has a tool known as styles, which help in formatting a document. Where is Styles found? The styles tool is in the Home ribbon of Microsoft Word. Styles functions. It allows the user to classify certain formatting characteristics as a specific â€Å"style†. How to use Styles. For example, if one wishes to have all Headers in a document to be Arial, size 18, and bold, one could create a style which encompasses these formatting characteristics. This style can then be applied to any other words in the document with one click, rather than having to manually format each word. Design entails making an assemblage of concepts and creating a format that reflects a visual solution that depicts functional and artistic usefulness. Design is more about transformation of ideas and words to achieve a desired result in the mind of an audience. The principles of design offer vast possibilities in crafting creative solutions. Good design would be flexible and reflect content so as to give an effective visual communication. The Bauhaus manifesto expressed the opinion of design as primarily involving industry and mass production as opposed to individual craftsmanship. That the definitive aim of all creativity is building. The manifesto refutes the existence of professional art. Bauhaus philosophy maintains that design is relevant only when someone is using it.

Discussion 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Discussion 1 - Essay Example Indeed, the very dawn of religion is marked with the desire of a human being to understand phenomena that are though to be out of one’s comprehension. Another reason that may be quite compelling to pursuit the path of religious studies is to achieve a global perspective. Indeed, different areas of social life are affected by religion directly or indirectly. What is more important is that the above mentioned notion may also be used as an effective way to analyze the causes of conflicts. Finally, it must be noted that some of the reasons that were provided by Livingston may be reevaluated. It may be true that the former has been influencing the latter for many centuries; however, the process of secularization clearly divided these two institutions. In addition to that, one should also keep in mind that many nations that now belong to a particular religion were converted which resulted in the elimination of the previous state of social affairs. For example, Greece is often regarded as the stronghold of Orthodox Christianity. Nevertheless, for many centuries people of this country were genuine

Typography in Business & Bauhaus Manifesto Dissertation

Typography in Business & Bauhaus Manifesto - Dissertation Example The document; ‘Using styles Training’ could appear as illustrated below after the effect of topography on it: How to Format Your Word Document Using â€Å"Styles† Microsoft Word has a tool known as styles, which help in formatting a document. Where is Styles found? The styles tool is in the Home ribbon of Microsoft Word. Styles functions. It allows the user to classify certain formatting characteristics as a specific â€Å"style†. How to use Styles. For example, if one wishes to have all Headers in a document to be Arial, size 18, and bold, one could create a style which encompasses these formatting characteristics. This style can then be applied to any other words in the document with one click, rather than having to manually format each word. Design entails making an assemblage of concepts and creating a format that reflects a visual solution that depicts functional and artistic usefulness. Design is more about transformation of ideas and words to achieve a desired result in the mind of an audience. The principles of design offer vast possibilities in crafting creative solutions. Good design would be flexible and reflect content so as to give an effective visual communication. The Bauhaus manifesto expressed the opinion of design as primarily involving industry and mass production as opposed to individual craftsmanship. That the definitive aim of all creativity is building. The manifesto refutes the existence of professional art. Bauhaus philosophy maintains that design is relevant only when someone is using it.

Small and medium enterprises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Small and medium enterprises - Essay Example An SME should give the primary importance to alliance and strategic partnerships at both local and global levels in order to increase the productivity. This will give a huge boost to the yield to cost ration which is the most decisive factor in any SME as they are required to fulfill some business rules and rules to survive in the emerging economic world of today (Nelson & Prescott, 2003). The paramount reason behind these success criteria is the fact that in the ever increasing global economic scale, the SME finds itself being in some tightened conditions thus experiencing jeopardy and limiting factors in the economic growth. Alliances with some partners will not only give them important horizons and resources to get a global exposure but it will also expand the business opportunities to increase the profit and lifetime of the business initiative. A very famous concept in business studies known as transaction-cost theory should be followed in order to increase the certainty level of the success of the partnership (Yasuda, 2005). This theory illustrates and suggests that the SME should make alliance with a partner that can minimize the sum of the fixed and continual costs throughout the business process. The famous example in this case can be taken that of Austria economy which enjoys almost 99 percent of the SME initiative which were at the start partnership based. (OECD, 2005). Similarly, the other success criteria are limited target marketing because e increasing the target market at the start.

English Language Coursework - Task One and Introduction Essay Example for Free

English Language Coursework Task One and Introduction Essay Task One Robin Lakoff devised a theory of language and gender differences. She believed that women had a greater lexis when describing subjects such as colours where men would have a greater lexis in subjects such as sports. Lakoff also believed that women use more prestige grammar and clear pronunciation with more intensifiers than men. Therefore I have chosen to see whether these patterns occur within boys and girls aged 7-8 to see if they have developed these attributes even at an early age. The audience I feel that would be appropriate to my research are people who work with or study children, A level or university students and people with a general interest of this topic. This is because by working with children you will be keen to pick up new information to help you with your work so you may find some here and an A level student taking English language may look at this for an example. By observing the speech of childrens language I will be able to decide whether there is a difference in gender. People are influenced throughout their lives; they are influenced by things such as their environment, media and social groups. At an early age children are looking towards their families and peers to see how they should act. This shows children are aware upon how to communicate with others, therefore leading the possibility that even at a young age they have the same traits as an adult. The research question I have concluded with is, are language and gender differences apparent within children ages 7-8 as there are in adults? Robin Lakoff stated that there are differences in spoken language between men and women so I have decided to see if children still have these differences. The reason for this is because at such an early age every child is thought of the same and it is hard to see a dominate gender; this was a key issue with early studies of men and women. Robin Lakoff also said women use hypercorrect grammar and pronunciation but since the children are only 7-8 years old they are still learning basic English skills. This means that this point will not apply here since the children are young. I have chosen this topic area because I was not aware that there was a gender difference in language until I was taught it. I have taken a interest in this because men and women are both educated in the same way and thought to be brought up the same so I believed that they would have the same attitude in language. Another reason I have chosen this is because women are seen as the less dominate gender but when I was a child I was not aware of this so I am interested to see if there are signs of this even at such a young age. I expect to find that even at an early age the boys will interrupt more as they tend to be very energetic whereas the girls will be more descriptive in describing an object. Introduction When studying English language I found out that there was gender differences within speech, this took my interest as I believe that women now are equal to men. I felt that some of these differences maybe because of the language men and women use. When researching this topic I found out that Robin Lakoff devised a theory that there are differences between the language of men and women and how males are more dominant speakers than females. This is because females are believed to be less assertive and tend not to interrupt during conversation like men do. This could branch onto discrimination as this a topic seen throughout life and it may give reasons to why females are discriminated more than males since they are not seen as the dominate gender. Another reason why I am doing this because I am interested how we develop our skills when we are young, why we develop them and who influences us on the language we use. I think the way we brought up and the language we are taught to use plays a big role in our society because I feel that each person uses their own distinctive language from each one and another, this is because I could tell a friend from another purely because of the vocabulary and dialect the person uses. Therefore I wanted to look to see if this still applies to boys and girls at a young age where they are seen to be innocent and they would not pick up on these differences. I will do this by talking to children ages 7-8 the same questions and taking down their response. The problem that may arise with this is that some children are more confident than others; this means they will not be as shy with their response as another child would.

Benefits of Different Oxygen Levels Administered in ICU

Benefits of Different Oxygen Levels Administered in ICU ABSTRACT: There have been numerous studies conducted to identify the benefits of different oxygen levels administered in ICU (Intensive Care Unit) patients. However, the studies do not reveal a definitive conclusion. The proposed systematic review plans to identify if either conventional or conservative oxygen therapy methods is more constructive in critically ill adult patients who are admitted in ICU. BACKGROUND Oxygen therapy is a treatment that provides oxygen gas to aid breathing when it is difficult to respire and became a common form of treatment by 1917. (Macintosh et.al 1999). It is expended for both acute and chronic cases and can be implemented according to the needs of the patient either in hospital, pre-hospital or entirely out of hospital based on their medical professionals opinions. It was established as the most efficient and safest medicines required by the health system by World Health Organisation (WHO). PaO2 has become the guideline test for finding out the oxygen levels in blood. And by the 1980s, pulse oximetry method which measures arterial oxygen saturation was also progressively used alongside PaO2 (David 2013). The chief benefits of oxygen therapy comprise slowing the progression of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, emotional status, cognitive function and improvements in sleep (Zielinski 1998). In UK, according to the national audit data about 34% of ambulance journey s involve oxygen use at some point while 18% of hospital inpatients will be treated with oxygen at any time (Lo EH 2003). In spite of the benefits of this treatment, there have been instances where oxygen therapy can negatively impact a patients condition. The most commonly recommended amount of saturation for oxygen intake is about 94-98%, and saturation levels of about of 88-92% are preferred for those at risk of carbon dioxide retention (BMA 2015). According to standard ICU practice, the conservative method denotes that patients receive oxygen therapy to maintain PaO2 between 70 and 100 mm Hg or arterial haemoglobin saturation between 94-98% while conventional method allow PaO2 values to rise up to 150 mm Hg or SpO2 values between 97% and 100% (Massimo et al. 2016).There are also low flow systems where the delivered oxygen is at 100% and has flow rates lower than the patients inspiratory flowrate ( i.e., the delivered oxygen is diluted with room air) and, hence the Fraction of Inspired Oxygen(FIO2) may be low or high. However, this depends on the particular device and the patients inspiratory flowrate. AIM To investigate and conclude whether the use of a strict protocol for conservative oxygen supplementation would help to improve outcomes, while maintaining PaO2 within physiologic limits among critically ill patients. RESEARCH QUESTION A well- defined, structured and exclusive research question will lead as a guide in making meticulous decisions about study design and population and consequently what data can be collected and used for analysis.(Brian, 2006) The early process of research for finding the research questions is a challenging task as the scope of the problem is bound to be broad. Significant time and care is needed to polish, extract and compare the information required from the vast sea of information (Considine 2015) .If a proper and specific research question is not formed, the whole process will be useless (Fineout-Overholt 2005). The fundamental success of any research project is attributed in establishing a clear and answerable research project that is updated with a complete and systematic review of the literature, as outlined in this paper. A PICO framework is a universally used framework used to develop a robust and answerable research question which is also a useful framework for assuring the quality or for evaluating projects. PICO stands for Problem / Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome. The research question presented in this paper is to identify whether conventional or conservative oxygen therapy methods is more beneficial among critically ill adult patients admitted in Intensive Care Unit. LITERATURE REVIEW The literature has focused on the effect of conservative and conventional oxygen therapy methods on mortality among patients in an Intensive Care Unit. Although there have been several studies to analyse which of the two methods is more beneficial to critically ill patients, a definitive study which determines the mortality rate among the different categories needs to be analysed and investigated for its benefit. Different devices used to administer Oxygen: Nasal cannula provides about 24-40% oxygen and flow rates up to 6L/min in adults (Fulmer JD 1984). A basic oxygen mask delivers about 35-50% FIO2 and can have flow rates from 5-10L/min depending on the fit and requirement of flow rate. The other respiratory aiding device is a partial rebreathing mask which has an additional reservoir bag with it which is also classified as a low flow system with flow rate of 6-10L/min and delivers about 40-60% oxygen. The non-breathing system is similar to the partial rebreathing mask, where it has an additional series of one way valves and it delivers about 60-80% FIO2 with a flow rate 10L/min. Review and findings of different oxygen therapy studies: A systematic review of two different published Journals indicated that the usage of additional oxygen when managing acute myocardial infarction arrived at the same result: that there is no significant benefit when oxygen therapy is administered while being assessed with air breathing (Cabello 2010) and it may in fact be damaging which results in greater infarct size and higher mortality rate (Wijesinghe 2009). Although a number of smaller studies could clarify the reviews, none of the original studies could reach a statistically substantial result ( Atar 2010); this stresses the need to provide data that validates the requirement for further analysis. Studies to support this have already been started, where The AVOID (Air Versus Oxygen In Myocardial Infarction) study is presently hiring patients to resolve this critical medical question (Stub 2012).Actual clinical trial data suggesting the effects of varied inspired oxygen levels are even more inadequate in acute ischemic stroke. It is proposed that oxygen therapy may be beneficial if administered within the first few hours of commencement, however it has also been observed that with continued administration, it may induce harmful results (higher 1-yr mortality) (Ronning 1999). In a survey of group study where more than 6,000 patients were case studied following resuscitation from cardiac arrest , hyperoxemia ( defined as a PaO2 > 300 mm Hg (40 kPa),the results obtained were considerably worse than both normoxemia (60-300 mm Hg (8to 40kPa) and hypoxemia (PaO2 There is also no robust proof for the postulation that an increased PaO2 is interrelated with improved long-term survival in critically ill patients( Young JD2000).A reflective study where more than 36,000 patients were considered and arterial oxygenation was administered while being mechanically ventilated, signs of a biphasic relationship was observed within a span of 24 hours between PaO2 and in-hospital mortality(De 2008).The average PaO2 level found was 99mm Hg, yet the foundation for unadjusted hospital mortality was just below 150mm Hg. A very similar study of more number of patients was conducted in Australia and New Zealand and this resulted in a report recording a mean PaO2 of 152.5mm Hg, indicating supraphysiological levels of oxygenation, with 49.8%of the 152,680 group was categorised as hyperoxemic PaO2>120mmHg(Eastwood , 2012). In contrast to the Dutch study, even though hypoxemia was associated with elevated mortality, after an adjustment of disease severity, a progres sive association between progressive hyperoxemia and in-hospital mortality could not be linked together effectively. (Martin 2013). The assumption that patients with hypoxemia secondary to ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) respond positively to elevated arterial oxygenation reinforces many studies done in this field (McIntyre 2000). Nevertheless, data from clinical trials in patients with ARDS seem to disregard this assumption as frequent oxygenation and long-term outcome have a disconnection (Suchyta 1992). And the studies that report a correlation arterial oxygenation and mortality, a systemic review of 101 clinical studies in ARDS patients came to the conclusion that P/F ratio was not such a reliable predictor (Krafft 1996). Thus a more intense study was conducted to compare the supplementary oxygen therapy with no oxygen therapy in normoxic patients with ST Segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Oxygen therapy has been known to be only universally used for the initial treatment of patients with STEMI which is based on the belief that the additional oxygen may increase oxygen delivery to isc hemic myocardium and hence reduce myocardial injury and is supported by laboratory studies done by Atar in 2010. The adverse effects of supplementary oxygen therapy were noted from a meta-analysis of 3 small, randomized trials as done by Cabello in the same year. More recently, another analysis was done by comparing high concentration oxygen with titrated oxygen in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction which found no difference in myocardial infarct size on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (Ranchord 2012). Hence, there are no studies that assess the effects of supplemental oxygen therapy in the setting of contemporary therapy for STEMI, specifically acute coronary intervention. With these reports and analysis put together, we can safely deduct that there remains a substantial amount of uncertainty over the usage of routine supplemental oxygen in uncomplicated Acute Myocardial Infarction, with absolutely no clear indication or recommendation for the level of oxygen th erapy in normoxic patients in the STEMI guidelines. More recently, another analysis was done by comparing high concentration oxygen with titrated oxygen in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction which found no difference in myocardial infarct size on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (Ranchord 2012). The annual congress of European Society of ICU (2016) states that patients dying in the ICU was lowered by 9% while using conservative oxygen strategy as compared with the conventional one(JAMA 2016). METHODOLOGY Firstly the terms method and methodology needs to be differentiated. Method is a process used to collect and examine the data whereas methodology includes a philosophical inquiry of the research design as stated by Wainworth (1997). It is vital that the suitable methodology needs to be analysed in carrying out the research question and in assembling the data (Matthews 2010). Research Methodology is a way to find out the result of a given problem on a specific matter or problem that is also referred as research problem (Jennifer 2011). In Methodology, researcher uses different criteria for solving the given research problem and always tries to search the given question systematically in their own way to find out all the answers till conclusion. If the research does not work systematically on the problem, there would be less possibility to find out the final result. For finding or exploring research questions, a researcher faces lot of problems that can be effectively resolved while us ing a correct research methodology (Industrial Research Institute, 2010). This research proposal was done under the systematic review method because it provides a very comprehensive and clear way of assessing the evidence (Chalmers 2001). Also it lowers error and bias and establishes a high standard of accuracy (Jadad, 1998). Healthcare providers, researchers, consumers and policy makers are overwhelmed with the data, evidence and information available from healthcare research. It is unlikely that the all this information is digested and used for future decisions. Hence a systematic review of such research will help to identify, assess and synthesize the information based on evidence needed to make those critical decisions. (Mulrow 1994). There are a number of factors for choosing systematic review for this study. A systematic review is generally done to resolve mismatched evidence, to verify the accuracy of current practice, to answer clinically unanswered questions, to find changes in practice or to focus for the need for any future research. Systematic reviews[AD1] are increasingly being used as a preferred research method for the education of post graduate nursing students (Bettany- Saltikuv, 2012). One of the best resources available on the conduct of systematic reviews of interventions is the Cochrane Collaboration (Tonya 2012). As defined by the Cochrane Collaboration (Higgins Green, 2011[AD2], Pg 6); A systematic review attempts to collate all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified eligibility criteria in order to answer a specific research question. It uses explicit, systematic methods that are selected with a view to minimizing bias, thus providing more reliable findings from which conclusions can be drawn and decisions made. The aim of a systematic review is to incorporate the existing knowledge into a particular subject or regarding a scientific question (British Journal of Nutrition (2012). According to Gough et al (2012) a systematic review is a research method that is undertaken to review several relevant research literatures. Systematic reviews can be considered as the gold standard for reviewing the extensive literature on a specific topic as it synthesises the findings of previous research investigating the same or similar questions (Boland et al 2008). Using systematic and rigorous methods systematic reviews are often referred to as original empirical research because they review primary data, which can be either qualitative or quantitative (Aveyard Sharp 2011). Over the past years, various standards have been evolved for portraying systematic reviews, staring from an early statement called the QUOROM guidelines to an updated widely accepted statement called the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) (Moher et al, 2009). While there are many differences in how each author approach a systematic review and there is no universal approach on one methodology for conducting review. However there are a set of fundamental set regarding the report of systematic reviews that authors are recommended to follow (Tonya 2012). METHODS SEARCH STRATEGIES: The selection of relevant study is based on two concepts: sensitivity and specificity (Wilma 2016).The purpose of the literature search is to identify existing published research in the particular area of interest to assist the researcher to clarify and specify the research question, and to identify whether the research question has been answered. The search of the literature must be strategic and systematic, and informed by a documented strategy. Search strategies have two major considerations: search terms, and databases. Some of the most common and beneficial search strategies used in systematic reviews are using the database of Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), hand searching, Grey literature which contains unpublished studies, clinical trials and ongoing research on the trials. Contacting an expert and extracting information is another useful method. The internet provides access to a huge selection of published and unpublished database. Studies can also b e found by referring the reference lists of the available published data. The database that have been referenced in this paper have been searched, collected and for extraction from the vast base of Northumbria [AD3]University accessible Journals. Journals from Medline, Ovid, ELSEVIER, PubMED and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Journal of the American Medical Association( JAMA), newspaper articles from CHEST, Intensive Care Medicine ,CLOSE and ANZICS Clinical trial group, Resuscitation, Critical care journal, (all of the selected journals from the databases was validated as peer reviewed journals) were reviewed for this paper. INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA The inclusion of unpublished and grey literature is essential for minimizing the potential effect of publication bias (Cochrane Corner 2007). If systematic reviews are limited to published studies, they risk excluding vital evidence and yielding inaccurate results, which are likely to be biased as always positive results (Alderan 2002). The inclusion criteria should consider gender, age of participants, year(s) of publication and study type. For this review purpose, as conventional and conservative oxygen therapy studies are the primary research questions, patients aged 18 years or older and admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with an expected length of stay of 72 hours or longer were considered for inclusion. Exclusion criteria also need to be justified and detailed and papers may be excluded according to paper type (such as discussion papers or opinion pieces), language, participant characteristics, or year(s) of publication. For the exclusion criteria, patients under 18 years, pregnant patients, and those who were readmitted in ICU, patients with DNACPR (do not actively resuscitate) and neutropenia or immunosuppression and the patients on who more than one arterial blood gas analysis was performed in 24 hours. STUDY SELECTION For the purpose of this research proposal the literature selected are based on Randomized Clinical Trials of conservative oxygen therapy methods and conventional (traditional) [AD4]oxygen therapy methods used in ICU and some systematic reviews of effective oxygen therapy in ICU, if they met the inclusion criteria. The controlled clinical trials provide the most appropriate method of testing effectiveness of treatments (Barton 2000). Observational studies on effect of hyperopia on post cardiac arrest are also reviewed. These studies can help to determine whether conservative oxygen therapy can help increase mortality among critically ill patients. PREPARATION FOR DATA EXTRACTION Data will be[AD5]extracted from the studies and grouped according to outcome measure. The data extraction tools should be used to ensure relevant datas is collected, minimise the risk of transcription errors, allow accuracy of data to be checked and serve as a record of the data collected. The data collected for extraction should be validated against evidence. It is necessary to extract the necessary studies and data that will help in resolving the research question which involves analysing different studies and a preferred way of methodology that reduces errors and bias. QUALITY ASSESSMENT Cochrane risk of bias tool (Higgins2011) will be[AD6]used for the assessment of risk of bias in estimating the study outcome. For the better outcome of this review involved few randomized clinical trials, some observational studies and pilot RCT studies for comparison among various methods. Quality assessment is given special importance because of the inclusion of RCT and non-RCT methodology (Eggers et al 2001). And only quality studies that satisfies the inclusion, exclusion and data requirements, validity and no bias and studies that are needed to answer the research question are carefully selected. SYNTHESIS STUDIES Synthesis helps to summarize and connect different sources to review the literature on a specific topic, give suggestions, and link the practice to the research (Cosette 2000). It is done by gathering and comparing evidence from a variety of sources when there is conflicting evidence or limited number of patients or large amounts of unclassified data. Systematic reviews of RCTs(Randomized control Trial) encompass the most strong form of clinical evidence (Sheik 2002) and occupies the highest layer in the hierarchy of evidence-based research, at the same time qualitative case studies and expert opinions occupy the lowest layer (Evans 2003 and Frymark et al 2009). RCT helps to understand the differences data among various studies (For Example, the studies considered here, conventional versus Conservative Oxygen therapy methods). RCT is the most applicable study used in assessing the results of an intervention, because it limits the effects of bias when performed correctly. (CRDs Guide 2009). It also easier to understand and any observed effect is easily contained to the treatments being compared. (Stuart 2000). The favourable results of an RCT lies with the methodology domain followed in the trial and it reviews its practicality which helps healthcare professionals, clinicians, researchers, policymakers and guideline developers to apply and review the effectiveness of the trials and tests. For example, if a study overestimates the effects of an intervention, it concludes wrongfully that the intervention works; similarly if the study is underestimating the effects, it wrongfully reflects that there is no effect to that study. This is where RCTs stands out, where minimum bias and evidence is the basis of such a study (According to Cochrane reviews). Hence this is why RCTs form the gold standard of comparison studies while questioning effectiveness of different interventions while limiting bias. As an example, groups that are randomly assigned are different from groups that follow criteria in the sense that the investigator may not be aware of certain attributes that they might have missed. It will also be likely that the two groups will be the similar on significant characteristics using chance. It is possible to control the factors that are known but randomisation helps to control the factors that are not known, which drastically reduces bias. Therefore assigning participants in other study designs may not be as fair and each participant may vary in characteristics on main standards. (Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 2017) The observational studies or non-randomised studies can be argumentative as the choice of treatment for each person and the observed results may cause differences among patients being given the different types of treatments. (Stuart 2000). ETHICAL CONSIDERATION A systematic review is the scientific way of classifying the overabundant amount of information existing in research by systematically reviewing and accurately examining the studies concerning a particular topic. But in doing so, topic of ethics is hardly questioned. This will have some major downsides as some systematic reviews may have studies with ethical deficiencies, which in turn lead to the publication of an unethical research and such research is susceptible to bias. Systematic review does not automatically give the updated approval for an original study. Hence systematic reviews that are methodically and ethically assessed will have better ethical and methodological studies overall (Jean et al 2010). If an original study does not mention the ethical issues, it does not automatically mean that the studies in original papers avoided those ethical concerns and may indicate a lower risk (Tuech 2005).A primary rule for publishing articles is that redundant and overlapping data sh ould be avoided or needs to be cross-referenced while making the purpose clear to the readers in an unavoidable case. (Elizabeth et al 2011). Plagiarism is clearly unacceptable and care should be taken care to not replicate other peoples research work and the original words and data needs to be acknowledged as a citation or quote. A responsible publisher should follow the COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) flowchart that explains suspected plagiarism (Liz 2008). It is also important to give information on funding and competing interests. The Cochrane Collaboration (2011) has very strict rules about funding and it is important to give reasons why the author may or may not be neutral or impartial on the review prepared and it relates to financial support, while competing interests can be personal, academic or political (WAME Editorial Policy and Publication Ethics Committees 2009). REFLECTION The objective of systematic reviews is to translate the results to clinically useful and applicable information while meeting the highest methodological standards. They offer a very useful summary of the present scientific evidence on a particular domain which can be developed into guidelines on the basis of such evidence. However, it is imperative that practitioners understand the reviews and the quality of the methodology and evidence used (Franco 2012). This study proposes to find the systematic review approach of conservative and conventional oxygen therapy methods used among critically ill adult patients in ICU. Incidentally, a RCT study by Susan (2016) found that the strategy of conservatively controlling oxygen delivery to patients in ICU results in lower mortality than the conventional and more liberal approach whereby patients are often kept in a hyperoxemic state.

Lawn Pesticides and Chemicals Essay -- Health Toxic Substances Essays

Lawn Pesticides and Chemicals Recently, the use of lawn pesticides and chemicals has grown enormously with home owners and golf course management in hope of attaining "the perfect turf." However, the negative effects that are associated with attaining ones "dream turf" is primarily caused by the direct use of pesticides and chemicals. The chemical pesticide industry fails to address these issues and has made every effort to keep this information from the public. Herbicides and pesticides are not a natural way to achieve a beautiful lawn, contrary to what lawn care companies would like people to believe. They are broad-spectrum biocides, and by their very nature can harm organisms other than the targeted species (Dieglman, 1996). Pesticide industries make false claims by stating that their chemicals are heavily diluted, failing to mention that toxins are still extremely dangerous in small amounts. Other false claims include companies like ChemLawn which state that a child would have to ingest ten cups of treated grass clippings to equal the toxicity of one aspirin. In fact, the real danger is not from grazing the lawn. Most poisonings come from inhaling pesticide residues or absorbing them through the skin (Begley, 1988). These chemicals include wartime defoliants such as Agent Orange, nerve-gas type pesticides, and artificial hormones (Dieglman, 1996). In some instances, pesticides like DDT, which remain active for many years, accumulate in our bodies and are released at potentially toxic levels. In women, lifetime exposures to such chemicals are released in the breast milk of her firstborn child (International Joint Commission, 1990). Pesticides drift and settle during application where they can easily reach houses and p... ...l and human health risks that outweigh its intended results. Alternative strategies must be developed which will bring about better results on the environment. Long lasting solutions, which require less time, are definitely the best place to start. References N. Diegelman. Poison in the Grass. 1996. Begley, Sharon, and Hager. "Please Don’t Eat the Daises." Newsweek 16 May 1988. International Joint Commission on the Great Lakes. "Selected Persistent Toxic Substances in Human Breast Milk in the Great Lakes Basin." March 1990. American Defender Network. "Lawn Chemical Dangers." 1989. American Cancer Society, Erie County Branch. "Warning: The Use of Pesticides May Be Hazardous To Your Health." 1991. G. Davidson. "Pesticides: The Killing Fields." Woman’s Day. 1994. N. Polk. "The Perfect Lawn Isn’t Always Green." The New York Times, Oct. 17, 1990.

salem witchcraft trials cause and effect Essay -- essays research pape

In 1692 the area of Salem town and Salem village became very vulnerable to conflict. Severe weather such as hurricanes had damaged land and crops, the effects of King Phillips War began to impact New England society, and colonists were being forced off of the frontiers by Native peoples. The Church and the government were in heavy conflict. And those residing in Salem began to grow suspicious of one another when some prospered and others hadn’t (Marcus, p13). Suddenly people seemed very paranoid and soon residents were placing blame on one another and accusing each other of witchcraft. In a fifteen month period between 1691 and 1692 nearly twelve dozen people were accused of witchcraft in or near Salem (Norton, p8).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although witch trials were not uncommon in Puritanical New England, none had reached such epidemic proportions as Salem. In 1691 the mass hysteria began when several young girls dabbled in witchcraft and began acting strange. When villagers took notice the girls were seriously questioned and so they began naming people, mainly woman, who had supposedly bewitched them (Boyer, p66). Several other who had been accused were woman displayed ‘unfeminine’ behavior and those who stood to inherit more economic power than most men in the area (Boyer, p66). By 1692 the young girls had continued to make false accusations of townspeople. Many of those accused were townspeople who were more prominent than others. Villagers, such as the young girl...

Cost-effective means

There are many advantages of doing both insurance and banking with the same company. First, it is a cost-effective means of managing assets and insurance concerns, enabling consumers to save time, energy, and money spent on transactions. Second, integrated insurance and banking makes it easier for the consumer to communicate his or her needs in terms of insurance claims and appropriate payment adjustments with respect to emergency and crisis circumstances. Lastly, it enables an individual to build a deeper relationship with the bank and to better get to know its services.On the downside, doing both insurance and banking with the same company increases the risks of losing insurance payments and other assets when the company loses money from its investments or is affected by criminal activities. Although money and other deposits in a banking or insurance company are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, it only reimburses up to a predetermined amount which might be less than a consumer’s actual bank or insurance deposits.2. ) I am not as comfortable with doing my banking transactions online as with a clerk in a brick and mortar bank due to security and privacy concerns. The internet remains an unsafe platform for conducting sensitive transactions as criminals are developing techniques to capture pertinent consumer and financial data almost as fast as online banking security experts are trying to develop more sophisticated means of securing internet banking services.In the same manner, I would not be as comfortable working with an insurance agent for my banking needs as I would be with a banking clerk since I would worry about an individual having too much information about my financial status and resources. 3) Among the services that a consumer gets from a brick and mortar bank that might not be as easily provided by an online bank are automated teller machines for convenient deposit and withdrawals, and personal, in-depth consultations abo ut banking services that could be accomplished just by walking into a bank or its branch.

The Free Radical Theory

The free radical theory was firstly introduced in 1954 by Robert Gerschman and later was developed by Dr. Denham Harman from the University of Nebraska. The term â€Å"free radical† is used by the scientists to describe any molecule which is different from conventional molecules.Actually, free radicals posses a free electron and, therefore, they are able to react with other molecules in destructive and volatile ways. In contrast to free radicals, in conventional molecules the electrical charge is always balanced meaning that electrons are able to come in pairs and their electrical energies simply cancel their charges.In other words, conventional molecules have negative electrical charge because atoms which miss electrons are combined with atoms with excessive number of electrons, and, in the result, a stable molecule with paired electrons and neutral charge is created. (Theories of Aging 2004)In contrast to conventional molecules, free radicals always possess extra negative ch arge. The result is apparent: unbalanced electrical energy makes free radicals attach themselves to other molecules and steal â€Å"a matching electron to attain electrical equilibrium†.However, it is necessary to note that free radials are often claimed to be promiscuous meaning that they break happy marriages of combined electrons trying to steal happy partner for themselves. In such a way free electrons create free radicals which definitely lead to extensive damage of cells and human body. So, activity of free radicals within human body is negative as they cause aging process.If there were no free radicals, human bodies would be able to produce energy and to maintain immunity. Moreover, our bodies would manage to transmit nerve impulses and to synthesize hormones necessary for our muscles.Nevertheless, electricity of the body makes people perform these functions, but electricity is the result of unbalanced electron activity of free radicals within out body. (Theories of Ag ing 2004)Further, free radicals are known to damage the structure of human cell membrane by creating so-called metabolic waste products. One of such waste products is substance called lipofuscins. His effect is damaging as, for example, excessive amount of lipofuscins leads to emergence of aging spot or darkness of the skin in certain areas.Moreover, this substance reduces significantly abilities of cells to restore and to reproduce. The synthesis of DNA and RNA is disturbed as well the synthesis of protein. Next, lipofuscins lowers energy levels preventing in such a way human bodies from building muscles. (Theories of Aging 2004)Consequently, cellular enzymes are destroyed, but they are necessary for vital chemical processes without which the aging process starts. Free-radical damage starts from the birth and continues throughout out life till natural death.During childhood and adolescents free-radical processes are minor as they body still is provided with repair and replacement m echanism. Health young people have healthy organs and working order. However, when people become older free-radical processes begin to take their toll.Scientists say that â€Å"free-radical disruption of cell metabolism is part of what ages our cells; it may also create mutant cells leading ultimately to cancer and death†. (Theories of Aging 2004)Finally, free radicals damage collagen and elastin which are responsible for keeping our skin moist, elastic and flexible. Under influence of free radicals, human vital tissues are breaking and fraying. This process is noticeable in the face – folds of skin and deep wrinkles are the results of free-radical damage.Gerontologists argue that â€Å"another way of looking at free-radical changes is to think of its as oxidation, the process of adding oxygen to a substance. Another word for oxidation is rust and in a sense our aging process is analogous to the rusting away of a once-intact piece of metal†.(Theories of Aging 20 04) Oxygen forms are free radicals and while breathing we produce free radical which intensify the process of aging. Antioxidants are substances used to prevent harmful effects of oxidation and free radicals. We should pay attention to vitamins C, B and beta carotene to fight aging process.ReferencesTheories of Aging. (2004). Retrieved November 29, 2007, from http://www.prolongyouth.com/theories.html